The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779-1783 Dissertation

The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779-1783 - Dissertation Example The battle tactics play a crucial role in enabling one side to win and other to get defeated, therefore for any army, it is essential to ponder in detail about the battle tactics to gain victory. British side used such battle tactics that made them accomplished while the battle tactics of French side were lacking due to which, they were defeated. In this paper, we will study the battle tactics of the Great Siege of Gibraltar in great detail as to find the reasons why the Great Siege of Gibraltar was unsuccessful. Background Gibraltar is an offshore territory of United Kingdom, which is located at the south of  Spain and  on the tip of the Iberian Peninsula. The name of  Gibraltar in fact  derives out from the Arabic  Jabal-al-Tarik (mount of Tarik) since capture of peninsula by the leader of Arabic fighter troops Tarik (Falkner 68). Spain wanted to capture Gibraltar from Britain due to commerce reason between America and Europe. At the start of the dispute both side agreed upon signing an agreement with mutual understanding at Spanish royal palace. Britain foreign minister was also favouring peace full agreement between two nations but agreement was not approved by the British parliament. Both countries declared war on 23 October 1739, with each other just after the beginning of war of Jenkins' Ear (Mann 214). Both sides decided to make trenches near the Gibraltar for gaining information about enemy. One squadron of Britain army was already stationed there. Britain ordered Admiral Vernon was ordered to sail from Portobello and join the squadron. Many years passed but hostilities did not break. King Phillip 5 of Spain died in 1746 and his successor again tried to negotiate the issue with Britain. British parliament showed seriousness in resolving the trade issues. British parliament also wanted to lift British embargo on Spain. Unfortunately, the king died and next king ever wanted negotiations with Britain (Mann 215). The new king signed family compac t with the king of France in 1761. France was already at war with Britain in 1761. Because of this new development, Britain declared war with Spain and captured colonial capitals of Havana and Manila. Finally, Spain was able to get back the cities of manila and Havana in exchange of Florida that was captured by Spain. This agreement took place under a treaty in 1763, known as â€Å"treaty of Paris† (Falkner 73). Then the peaceful years started and both France and Spain decided to wait for favourable situation and launch attack on Britain for gaining the lost territories. After the outbreak of American war of independence, France and Spain supported American rebels to defeat Britain in that war. France and Spain signed a treaty in 1779 the treaty is known as treaty of Aranjuez. According to the treaty, both France and Spain will support each other for gaining their lost territories from Britain. Spain declared war on Britain in June 1779 and France also supported Spain to secu re Gibraltar. Gibraltar was vital link in British control over the Mediterranean and wanted a quick capture of it for going on an all-out war against the Great Britain. The great siege of Gibraltar was among the longest sieges that are fought in the history of the world. France and Spain wanted to take hold of Gibraltar during the American War of Independence but their attempt remained unaccomplished. It was a joint effort by France and Spain and the

In Vitro Fertilization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

In Vitro Fertilization - Research Paper Example After the formation of embryo, it is implanted in the woman’s uterus through a quick 20 minute procedure. The success rates of IVF are different for every couple and they should carry out a thorough research and analyze their options before committing for IVF. Certain risks are associated with IVF which can affect both the mother and the fetus. Spontaneous abortions, low birth weight babies and congenital abnormalities are feared from IVF pregnancies. IVF requires a firm sense of commitment from the couple as it not only requires a long term strict medical vigilance but also a strong financial and emotional support. The couples should be made aware of the associated risks and feared outcomes. With the modern advancements, improvements in IVF are being made and the associated risks have also been controlled to a great extent. In Vitro Fertilization In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a remarkable scientific and medical solution for those couples who cannot reproduce naturally becau se of any reason. In vitro fertilization has a Latin origin and it means â€Å"fertilization under glass†. The name was given because initially glass dishes were used in the laboratories for the whole procedure. The application of IVF widely all over the world provided a solution for those couples who were hopeless and it seemed impossible to reproduce or have children of their own. This advanced form provides a solution for the treatment of various causes of infertility in both men and women. The quick and feasible procedure is widely chosen by many couples because of its high success rates in various countries. However, many ethical dilemmas and feared outcomes highlight the other side of IVF (Alabi 2012; Charlesworth 2004). It is important to understand the basic procedure involved in the IVF along with its historical evolution in the field of medicine. In vitro fertilization is a technique used as a means of reproductions for people who cannot conceive naturally and this method has its own benefits as well as short-comings and these factors have been highlighted by various researches and studies. The first successful attempt at IVF was made in the year 1978 in England. On 25 July 1978 the first baby was born through the IVF technique. Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards were the two doctors who made this remarkable procedure possible and a healthy baby girl, Louise, was born to Lesley and John Brown. Many commented on the possibilities of acquiring complications in the child because of the IVF procedure. But to everybody’s delightful surprise, Louise grew up as a completely healthy and normal child. This successful attempt was achieved by the two doctors after repeated unsuccessful 80 experiments with infertile women and it took a long time period of 10 years. The Lancet published this remarkable outcome on 12 August 1978. After this fruitful attempt, many different clinical settings in various parts of the world also applied this procedure as a treatment for the infertile couples. In 1981, Elizabeth Carr who was the first in-vitro baby of the United States was also born with the assistance of the team at the Jones Institute in Norfolk, Virginia. Initially the success rate of IVF was very unpredictable and very few victorious attempts were made. Some of the major short-comings included its high cost, intensive labor and only suitable for those women who faced infertility because of tubal obstruction. With the passage of time,